![文字的力量:文学如何塑造人类、文明和世界历史](https://wfqqreader-1252317822.image.myqcloud.com/cover/368/25802368/b_25802368.jpg)
插图
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意大利巴洛克画家西罗·费里(Ciro Ferri,1634—1689)想象亚历山大大帝在床榻之上阅读荷马
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阿尔布雷希特·阿尔特多费尔(Albrecht Altdorfer,约1480—1538)的画作,内容为伊苏斯之战中,大流士被亚历山大大帝追击
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14世纪的波斯《列王书》(Book of Kings)绘本,描绘了亚历山大大帝之死
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埃及花岗岩雕塑,雕刻着一位端坐的抄写员,公元前第三千年
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刻有楔形文字的黏土信封和信件,约公元前1927—前1836年
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这件由詹姆斯·弗格森(James Fergusson)制作的平板印刷品,想象了尼姆鲁德(Nimrud)被还原的美丽全貌
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留存至今最古老的拉丁语《圣经》的手稿之一,即《阿米提奴抄本》(Codex Amiatinus),图中为中世纪的基督徒们想象以斯拉在书房中写作
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八岛岳亭于19世纪早期所作的日本木刻版画,描绘的是孔子的十位弟子
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18世纪的西藏绘画作品,描绘了佛陀在印度的灵鹫山上讲法
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法国画家雅克–路易·大卫(Jacques-Louis David,1748—1825)描绘了苏格拉底在学生的陪伴下于临死前探讨哲学
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多梅尼哥·基尔兰达约(Domenico Ghirlandaio)于1481年所作的壁画,将摩西(位于画中左侧)和《圣经·旧约》与耶稣和他的门徒们连接起来
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这幅来自中国的丝绸画卷(5世纪至8世纪)描绘了一位宫廷女史在劝诫她的学徒们
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来自庞贝的罗马壁画,描绘的是一位女子手持蜡板和尖笔,它们是用于日常写作和记账的工具
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紫式部宛如神启,创作了《源氏物语》。艺术家铃木春信(1725—1770)为每种颜色使用了不同的木版,完成了这幅套色版画
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一部13世纪版本的紫式部日记。紫式部极有可能是右下角的侍女
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一把17世纪由金纸制成的扇子,扇面描绘紫式部在书桌前写作
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艺术家叶海亚·伊本·马哈茂德·瓦西提(Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti)在一部装饰华美的阿拉伯语手稿里,描绘了1237年一群学者和学生在巴格达的图书馆里
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《端坐的抄写员》(Seated Scribe),被认为是甄提尔·贝里尼(Gnetile Bellini,约1429—1507)所作,融合了西方和奥斯曼的绘画风格
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这部来自1180年左右的《古兰经》书法风格独树一帜:alif及lam这两个字母比其他字母高很多
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在这幅画于12世纪的画像中,抄写员爱德温(Eadwine the Scribe)在用心抄写对开本手稿
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约翰内斯·谷登堡于1455年左右印刷的拉丁语《圣经》中《创世记》的开篇,字母由抄写员彼得·舍费尔刻制
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1534年由马丁·路德翻译的《圣经》的扉页,带有彩色木刻画
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《德累斯顿手抄本》(Dresdan Codex,13世纪至14世纪)是极少数在西班牙对美洲的殖民中保存下来的玛雅书籍之一,这是其中的六页
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《波波尔·乌》中刻画的玛雅球赛有宗教意义
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一名17世纪的小贩在兜售书本,以迎合一个正在扩张的文学市场
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由阿隆索·费尔南德斯·德·阿韦利亚内达所作,未经授权的《堂吉诃德》续集的英文翻译
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这幅由让–奥诺雷·弗拉戈纳尔(Jean-Honoré Fragonard)于1770年左右创作的油画,展现了女性读者的重要性
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画家约翰·约瑟夫·施美乐(Johann Joseph Schmeller,1796—1841)描绘了歌德在对抄写员进行口述,后者记录下了他的许多谈话
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位于魏玛的安娜·阿玛莉亚公爵夫人的图书馆,歌德曾在这里广泛地阅读
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尤金·阿杰特(Eugène Atget)这张照片拍摄的是19世纪末期的巴黎:一个人在捡破布,收集造纸的原材料
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拉斯姆斯·马林–汉森(Rasmus Malling-Hansen)在19世纪70年代于丹麦发明的球型打字机,是第一台商业生产的打字机
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这张1920年的俄语宣传海报推崇阅读,因为“知识会打破奴役的枷锁”
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立体派画家内森·阿尔特曼为安娜·阿赫玛托娃所作的画像,作于1914年
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在苏联用于复制和传播“地下出版”文学的全套装备
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一台20世纪70年代的CPT8100文字处理台式微型计算机
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哈佛大学的安能堡食堂,学生认为它是霍格沃茨礼堂的原型